Radio signaling system



E. ,W. KELLOGG RADIO'SIGNALINGSYSTEM Filea Jan. 20. 1921 Fig.1

Receiver k 7 3 h A9 H r ff Receiver --'9 Receiver 7 A 4 J Phase Rotator I [rn/e Tjt T': Edward. W Kellaggg fiw/ M His Attrfiey.

Patented ar. 18, 1924.

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EDWARD W. KELLOGG, 0F SCHENECTADY, NEW YORK, ASSIGNOR T0 GENERAL ELEC- TRIC COMPANY, A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

name SIGNALING SYSTEM.

Application filed January 20, 1921. Serial No. 438,544.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, EDWARD W. KELLOGG,

a citizen of the United States, residing at .Schenectady, in the county of Schenectady,

State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Radio Signaling Systems, of which the following is a specification.

My present invention relates to radio receiving systems and more particularly to an improved arrangement of an antenna for receiving purposes.

One of the objects of my invention is to provide a receiving antenna which will be an efiicient means for receiving radio signals from a desired direction to the substantial exclusion of signals coming from' other directions.

In a prior joint application of Chester IV. Rice and myself, Serial No. 372,938, filed April 10, 1920, there is described and claimed a receiving antenna having marked unidirectional properties. In this case a long horizontal antenna is employed which extends preferably in the general direction of transmission of the signals to be received and which is preferably of a length of at least the order of magnitude of a half wave length of the signals to be received". In case such an antenna is properly constructed signals coming from a desired station will be found to be strongest at the end of the antenna which is farthest from the transmitting station While signals coming from the opposite direction will be very weak at that end. While for an antenna which is so constructed that the current Wave therein Will travel along its length at the same velocity as that of the signaling wave in space the signaling current will be strongest at the end farthest from the transmitting station this end may not in all cases be the most favorable point for taking off from the antenna the desired signaling currents. For example, 'it may be found that at a certain point on the antenna other than the end the ratio of the desired signaling current to undesired currents is morefavorable than at any other point. .may be strongest at a point other than the end of the antenna when the antenna is not in direct line with the transmitting station or. when the velocity of current Wave on the antenna is not, the ame as the ve- The signaling. current- It may a transmission line as well as an antenna. 7

.Since it is to function as an antenna it is so constructed as to be sensitive to external influence. Therefore, the relative strength of the desired signaling currents and currents due to undesired influences will vary from point to point. be convenient in all cases to locate the receiving station at the point in the antenna' where the relation between the strength of the different currents is most favorable. In some cases therefore it may be desirable to transmit the currents received by the antenna from one .place to another without the addition of any new effects from outside sources and Without changing the desired relation between the currents.

A second object of my invention is to provide means whereby the receiving station may be located at any desired convenient point along the length of the antenna, and the necessity of locating the receiving station at the point. where the relation of the desired signaling currents received to other currents is most favorable will be eliminated. In order to transmit currents from one point to another without bringing in new external influences, a balanced two wire transmission line may be used. If it isdesired to transmit the currents from one point on the line of the antenna to another point also on the line of the antenna, the balanced transmission line would normally belocated 'closeto or under the antenna. This might be objectionable since the extra wires would be likely to have-a disturbing effect on the action of the antenna. Any disadvantage of such an arrange'mentmay be avoided as Ihave found that by using two wires in multiple as the antenna, the same pair of wires can be made to act as a transmission line.

In attaining the second object ofmy in- It may not, however,'

vention therefore I provide suitable arrangewhich is arran ed in such a way that the re'-' undesired .currents produced 'by ing from directions more than 90 ceiver will not aflected by currents set up in the antenna "by waves coming from the opposite direction to that of the signals to be received no matter how strong such currents may be at the receiving station.

as that which I employ has decided unidirectional properties, mathematical analysis indicates and experience shows that at the end farthest from the transmitting station small currents will under some conditions be produced by waves coming from the opposite direction even the antenna nearest the transmitting station is grounded through a resistance approximately equal to the surge impedance of the antenna so that no reflection can occur.

In some cases also it may happen that while the antenna is adjusted so that the receiving apparatus is not afiected by disturbing waves coming from a direction exactly opposite fected by disturbances coming from some other direction, for; example, 160 from the direction of the transmitting station, and

that it is more important to eliminate the effect of disturbing waves coming from this direction than of those comi from a direction 180 from the transmitting station.

Still another ob'eet of my invention is to provide means or eliminating the effect upon the receiving station of these small waves comfrom the direction of the transmitting station. Un-. der the conditions mentioned, the surge impedance of the antenna may not be the best imf edance to employ in the ground connec- -tion of the antenna nearest the transmitting station and therefore in. order to attain this object of my invention I rovide an impedance which is preferably adiustable in order that the best operating conditions may readily be obtained. This impedance, i order to more nearly eliminate the objectionable efi'ects, may differ from the surge impedance of the antenna either in its resistance or reactive component or in both. ()ne form of impedance which I have found in practice is convenient consists of an adjust- .able resistance and a series tuned circuit of low impedance. The object of this is to reflect back over the antenna a wave component of the proper magnitude and phase to neutralize the small undesired. waves mentioned. By slightly ofi -tuningthis series tuned circuit, a small amount of capacity reactance organization and method of operation, to- While a long horizontal antenna such though the end of to that of the signal, it is afgive the' desired rep by suitable ad- The novel features which I believe to be a characteristic of my invention are set forth with particularity .in the appended claims. invention itself, however, both as to its gether with further objects and advantages to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawing in which Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 show diagrammatically five difierent arrangements whereby my invention may be carried into efi'ect.

As indicated in the drawing, I provide a long horizontal antenna which is preferably made up of at least two parallel wires 1 and 2, the opposite endsof' which are grounded at 3 and 4. This antenna is preferably so constructed or its constants so adjusted that the current wave therein will travel along its length at the same velocityv as that of the signaling wave in space so that the current wave will gradually grow in amplitude as it travels along the conductor. If it is desired to receive a signal which approaches the antenna from the end- 3, the amplitude of the currentiset up in the antenna at 3" by the desired wave will be extremely small, while at the end 4 the amplitude of the current will be a maximum. It may however be more convenient to locate the receiving station at end 3. In order to permit such a location for the receiving station I employ the antenna conductors as a transmission line for transmitting the desired signaling currents fromend 4 to end 3. One convenient way of accomplishing this result is to provide at end 4 a. transformer system which may be made up of two similar transformers 5 and 6 as indicated, or the windings of these two transformers may be combined in one transformer if desired. The primary windings 7, 7 of these two transformers are connected in series with the ground connection at 4 and each of the ground through the primary windings 7, 7 and are transferred back upon conductors 1 and 2 so as to flow in opposite directions through these two conductors. The conductors 1 and 2 thu form the two sides of a transmission circuit which is closed at the receiving station through the primary windings 10, 10 of a similar pair of transformers 11, 12. The secondary windings 13, 13 of these transformers are connected in series with the receiving apparatus. The signaling currents transmitted from end 4. of the an tenna flow throu h the primary windings 10, 10 in series. urrents received upon the antenna, howeyer, from waves traveling from end 4 toward-end 3 flow through the primary windings 10, 10 in parallel to ground and hence produce equal and opposite effects in the secondary windings 13, 13. As a result the receiving apparatus will be unaifect ed by such currents.

In the case illustrated there is provided in the ground connection an impedance consisting of a variable resistance 14, variable inductance 15, and variable capacity 16. In order to prevent reflection of currents received from ether waves traveling from 1 toward 3 this impedance should be made approximately equal to the surge impedance of the antenna. As has been previously pointed out however, it may in some cases be desirable to produce a certain amount of reflection to neutralize undesired currents produced at end 4. by waves coming from a direction opposite to that of the transmitting station or from a direction at an angle greater than 90 from the directionof the transmitting station. In some. cases this desired reflection may be obtained by the use of the resistance 14 alone by making the value of this resistance slightly greater or less than that of the surge impedance of the antenna. In other cases, however, the phase of the component reflectedin this way may not be correct for producing the desired neutralization. In such cases, a capacity reactance or an inductive reactance of small amount may be introduced by off-tuning the series tuned circuit made up of inductance 15 and capacity 16, the reactance introduced in this way being suflicient to produce the desired phase in the reflected component.

In Fig. 2 I have indicated an arrangement which may be employed in case it is desired to locate the receiving station at some intermediate point along the length of the antenna. In this case two transformers 17 and 18 are provided having their primary windings inserted in conductors 1 and 2, respectively, and having their secondary windings connected to the receiving apparatus in such 'a way that currents flowing in opposite directions through the two conduct'orswill add in the receiving apparatus while currentsflowing in the same direction will oppose each other. If desired a single't ransformer of suitable design. may be made to perform the function of the two transformers shown. In order that the introduction of a transformer or pair of transformers,- in a location antenna.

tionable reflections, it. is generally dcsi "able 'that it introduce as little impedance as possible into the antenna. To this end I. have shown in Fig. 2 a pair of condensers 19 by which the inductive re'actance of the trans: former windings may be neutralized. If a single transformer is used with close coupling between the two primary windings the reactance to currents flowing in the same direction in the two wires will be low, and this fulfills the condition for avoiding reflections in the antenna.

In Fig. 3 Ihave indicated an arrangement in which the antei ria is utilized as a transmission line as in Figs. 1 and 2, but in which the undesired currents referred to are eliminated in a different manner. In. this case a transformer 20 provided in the ground connection at end 3hy means of which a current of the desired value and phase relation may be impressed upon the receiving apparatus to neutralize the effect of the undesired currents in the receiving apparatus. The magnitude of this current may be adjusted by varying the coupling of transformer 20 and the phase relation may be.

F shows an arrangement of a transl former or transformers adapted to the case where the ratio of the desired signal current to currents produced by undesired influences is best at a point other than the end of the The action of the transformer in this case would be the same in principle as the action of a similar transformer when located at the end of the antenna as ,indicated in Figs. 1 and 2.

Fig. 5 shows still another arrangement of transformers by which currents flowing over the two wires of the antenna in multiple may be made to induce currents which will flow through the two wires in series. Toillustrate, when current is flowing from left to right in both of the windings 21, 21, an in- .duced current will flow from right to left in making it possible to perform the transformation at the best point for the reception of a particular signal, while' for'another signal of different wave length the trans.- formation may be performed at a different point on theantenna.

VVhile I have illustrated and described the preferred embodiments of my invention, it will be apparent that my invention .is not limited to the particular embodiments indicated, but that many modifications in the particular means whereby my invention -may be carried into elfe'cflmay be made without departing from the scope of my invention as set forth-in the appended claims.

One antenna which I have found suitable for carrying out my invention consists of a pair ofwires about 14,000 meters long' carried by poles approximately feet high. By the use of this antenna I have obtained very satisfactory results in the reception of signals varying-in wave length from about 10,000 meters to 23,000 meters and these results have been obtained with the receiving station located at the end of the antenna nearest the transmitting station as well as at intermediate points along the length of the antenna.

What I claim as new and desire to secureby Letters Patent of 'the United States,

cated along the length of said antenna.

2. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving tenna comprisinga pair of conductors, and means for utilizlng said pair of conductors as the two sides of a circuit for conveying signaling currents from a selected point in said antenna to a distant receiving station located along the length of said antenna.

3. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long. horizontal receiving antenna and'means for utilizing said antenna as a transmission line for conveying signaling-currents from the end of said antenna wher'e signaling currents received on the antenna from a desired station are strongest to a distant receiving station located along-the length of said antenna.

4. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna and means .for utilizing said antenna as a transmlssion l1ne for conveymg s1gnaling currents from the end of said antenna where signaling currents received on. the

' antenna from a desired station are strongest to a receiving station located at the other end of said antenna,

5. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving an-' tenna comprising a pair of conductors, and

means for utilizing said pair of conductors as the two sides" of a circuit for conveying signaling currents from the end of said antenna'whe re signaling currents received on the antenna from a desired stat1on are strongest to a distant. receiving station 10- c-atedalong the length of said antenna.

6. A receiving system for radio signals 'comprising'a long-horizontal receiving antenna comprising a pair of conductors, and

means for utilizing said, pair of conductors. as the two sides of a c1rcu1t for conveying signaling currents from the end of said antenna where signaling currents received on the antenna from a desired station are strongest to a receiving station located at the other end of said antenna.

7. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna and means for utilizing said antenna as a transmission line for conveying signaling currents from a selected point in said antenna where signaling currents received on the antenna from a desired station are strongest to a distant receiving station located along the length of said antenna, and means for eliminating in the receiving apparatus the effect of currehtsproduced in said antenna at the selected point by waves. coming from a different direction from that of the desired signaling waves.

8. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna comprising a pair of conductors,

ground connections for said antenna at both ends and a transformer system at the end of said antenna Where signalling currents from a desired station are strongest, the primary windings of said transformer system beingconnected in series in the common ground connection for both conductors of the antenna and the secondary windings being con nected in series in a circuit which includes the two conductors of the pair 1n ser es.

9. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving anconnection for both conductors of the antenna and the secondary windings being connected in series in a circuit which includes the two conductors of the pair in se-i ries, the common ground connection being made to an intermediate point m-the secondary windings.

10. A receiving system for radio signals comprisinga long horizontal receiving antenna comprising a pair of conductors, ground connections for said antenna at both ends and a transformer system at the end'of said antenna'where signaling currents from a desiredstation are strongest,'the primary windings of said transformer system being emes connected in series in the common ground connected in series in a circuitwhich includes the two conductors of the pair in series, and a second transformer system at a point distant from the first pair having its prlmary windings connected in series in said circuit and its secondaries connected to a receiving apparatus in such a way that the receiving apparatus will be influenced by currents flowing in opposite directions along the length of the two conductors but will be unaffected by currents flowing in the same direction in the two conductors.

11. A receiving systemfor radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna comprising a pair of conductors, ground connections for said antenna at both ends and a transformer system at the end of said antenna where signaling currents from a desired station are strongest, the primary windings of said transformer system being connected in series in a circuit which includes the two conductors of the pair in series, the common ground connection being made to an intermediate point in the secondary windings, and a second transformer system at a point distant from the first pair having its primaryv windings connected in series in said circuit and its secondaries connected to a receiving apparatus in such a way that the receiving apparatus will be influenced by currents flowing in opposite directions along the length of the two conductors but will be unafiected by currents flowing in the same direction in the two conductors.

12. A- receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna comprising a pair a of conductors, ground connections for said antenna at both ends and a transformer system at the end iii of said antenna where signaling currents from a desired station are strongest, the primary windings of said transformer system being connected in series in the common ground connection for both conductors of the antenna and the secondary windings being connected in series in a circuit which includes the two conductors of the pair in series, and a second transformer systemat the other end of said antenna having its primary windings connected in series in said circuit and its secondaries connected to a' receiving apparatus in such a Way that the receiving apparatus will be influenced by currents flowing in opposite directions along the length of the two conductors but will be unaffected by currents flowing in the same direction in the two conductors.

13.-A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving an tenna comprising a pair of conductors, ground connections for said antenna at both ends and a transformer system at the end of said antenna where slgnaling currents from a desired station are strongest, the primary windings of said transformer system being connected in series in the common ground connection for both conductors of the antenna and the secondary windings being connected in series in a circuit which includes the two conductors of the pair in series, the common ground connection being made to an intermediate point in the secondary windings. and a second transformer system at the other end of said antenna having its primaries connected in series in said circuit and its secondaries connected to a receiving apparatus in such a way that the receiving apparatus will be influenced by currents flowing in opposite directions along the length of the two conductors but will be unaffected by currents flowing in the same direction in the two'conductors.

14. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna comprising a pair of conductors, ground connections for said antenna at both ends and a transformer system at the end of said antenna where signaling currents from a desired station are strongest, the primary windings of said transformer system being connected in series in the common ground connection for both conductors of the antenna and the secondary windings being connected in series in a circuit which includes the two conductors of the pair in series, and a second transformer system at the other end of said antenna having its primary windings connected in series in said circuit and its secondaries connected to a receiving apparatus, the ground connection at the receiving station being made to an intermediate point in the primary windings so that the receiving apparatus will be influenced by currents flowing in opposite directions along the length of the two conductors but will be unaflected by currents flowing in the same direction in the two conductors.

15. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a substantially, horizontal receiving antenna which has a ground connection atone end including a resistance substantially equal to the surge impedance of said antenna, and a series tuned circuit in series withsaid ground connection.

-16. A receiving system-for radio signals comprising a substantially horizontal receiving antenna'which has a ground connection at one end including a resistance substantially equal to the surge impedance of said antenna, and a series tuned circuit connectio 17. A receiving system vfor radio signals comprising a substantially horizontal receiving antenna which is grounded at both and means for producing a desired reflection.

18. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna and means for utilizing saidantenna as a transmission line for conveying signaling currents from the end of said antenna where signaling currents received on the antenna froin a desired station are strongest to a receiving station located at the other end of said antenna, and means at said other end of said antenna for preventing any undesired reflect-ion of electric waves traveling along said antenna and for producing a desired reflection.

19. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna and means for utilizing said antenna as a transmission line for conveying signaling currents from a selected point in said antenna to a distant receiving station located along the length of said antenna, and means for eliminating in the receiving apparatus the effect of currents produced in said antenna by waves coming from a different '1 direction from that of the desired comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna compr sing a pair of conductors,-

ground connections for said antenna at both ends, a transformer system at they end of,

said antenna wheresignaling currents from a desired station are strongest, the primary windings of said transformer system being connected in series in the comlmo-n ground. connection for both conductors of the antenna, and the secondary windings being connected in series in a circuit which includes the two conductors of the pair in said antenna where signaling currents from a desired station are strongest, the primary windings of said transformer system being connected in series in the common ground connection for both conductors of the an tenna and the secondary windings being connected in series in 'a circuit which in cludes the two conductorsof the pair in series, and a second transformer system at the other end of. said antenna having its primaries connected in series in said circuit and its secondaries connected to a receiving apparatus in such a way that the receiving apparatus will be influenced by currents flowing in opposite directions along the length of the two conductors but will be unaffected by currents flowing in the same direction in the two conductors, the ground connection at the receiving station including means for preventing any undesired reflection of electric waves traveling along said antenna and for producing a desired rcflection. y

22. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna comprising a pair of conductors,-

ground connections for said antenna at both ends, a transformer system at'tlie end of said antenna where signaling currents from a desired stationare strongest, the primary windings of said transformer system being connected in series in the common ground connection for both conductors of the antenna and the secondary windings being connected in series in a circuit which includes the two conductors of the pair in series, and a second transformer system at the other end of said antenna having its primary windings connected in series in said circuit and its secondaries connected to a receiving apparatus, the ground connection at the receiving station being made to an intermediate point in the primary windings so that the receiving apparatus will be influenced by currents flowing in opposite directions along the length of the two conductors but will be unaffected by currents flowing in the same direction in the two conductors, and including means for preventing any undesired reflection of electric waves traveling along said antenna and producing a desired reflection.

23. The method of operating a radio receiving system comprising a longhorizontal antenna which consists in utilizing the an tenna as a transmission line for carrying signaling currents received from a desired station from a selected point in said antenna where such currents have a desired relation to other currents in the antenna to receiving apparatus located at a desired point along the length of said antenna, and at the same time preventing any appreciable change in tlie'desired'relation of the currents between the selected point and vthe point to which the signaling conveyed.

24. The'niethod of operating ta'radio receiving system comprising a long horizontal antenna which consists in transmitting to the receiving apparatus signaling currents currents are ceiving system comprising a long horizontal antenna which consists in utilizing the antenna as a transmission line for-carryingsignaling currents received from a desired station from a selected point in said antenna where such currents have a desired relation to other currents in the antenna to receiving apparatus located a desired point along the length of said antenna, at the same time preventing any appreciable change 1n the desired relation of the currents between the selected point and the point to which the signaling currents are conveyed, and elimi-.-

nating the eflect' in the receiving apparatus of an undesired current normally flowing at the selected point by producing a reflection over the antenna from another point of a current of equal magnitude and opposite phase to the undesired current.

26. The method of operating a radio receiving system comprising a long horizontal antenna which consists in utilizing the antenna as a transmission line for carrying signaling currents received from a desired station from a selected point in said antenna Where such currents have a desired relation to other currents in the antenna to receiving apparatus located at a.desired point along the length of said antenna, and eliminating the effect in the receiving apparatus of an undesired current normally flowing at -the selected point by producing a reflection over the antenna from another point of a current of equal magnitude and opposite phase to the undesired current. 0

27. A- receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna-and means for utilizing said antenna as a transmission line-for conveying signaling currents from a selected point in said antenna where signaling currents received on the antenna from a desired station have a desired relation to other currents in the antenna to a distant receiving station located along the length ,of said antenna.

28. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna and means for utilizing said antenna as a transmission line for conveying signaling currents from a selected point in said antenna where signaling currents received on the antenna from a desired station have a desired relation to other currents in the antenna, to a distant receiving station located along the length of said antenna, and means for eliminating in the receiving apparatus the effect of currents produced in said antenna at the selected point by waves coming from a different direction from that of the desired signaling waves.

29. A receiving system for radio signals con'iprising a long horizontal antenna and means for utilizing said antenna as a trans mission line for conveying signaling currents from a selected point in said antenna where signaling currents received on the antenna from a deslred station have a desired relation to other currents in the antenna to a distant receiving station located along the length of said antenna, and means for eliminating in vthe receiving apparatus the effect of currents produced in said antenna by waves coming from a different di-' 'rection from that 'of the desired signaling waves, said means comprising an arrangement for preventing any undesired reflection of electric waves traveling along said antenna and for-producing a desired reflection.

30. Themethod of eliminating the effect in a long horizontal receiving antenna of undesired currents at a selected point Where signaling currents received from a desired station have a desired relation to other currents in the antenna which consists in producing a reflection over the antenna from another point of a current of equal magnitude and opposite phase to the undesired current. g

31. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna and means for utilizing said antenna as a transmission line for conveying signaling currents from a selected point in said antenna where signaling currents received on the antenna from a desired station have a desiredrelation' to other currents in the antenna to a distant receiving station located along the length of said antenna, and means for preventn'ig any appreciable change in the desired relation of the currents between the selected point and the point to which the signaling currents are conveyed.

32. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna and means for utilizing said antenna as a transmission line for conveying signaling currents from a selected point in said antenna where signaling currents received on the antenna from adesired station have a desired relation to other currents in the an tenna, to a distant receiving station located along the length of said antenna, means for eliminating in the receiving apparatus theeffect of currents produced in said antenna at the selected point by waves coming from a different direction from that of the desired signaling waves, and means for preventing any appreciable change in the desired relation of the currents between the selected 'point and the point to which the signaling currents are conveyed,

33. receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving an tenna and means for utilizing said antenna as a transmission line for conveying signaling currents from a selected point in said an tenna where signaling Currents received on the antenna from a desired station have a desired relation to other currents in the antenna to a distant receiving station located along the length of said antenna, means for eliminating in the receiving apparatus the effect of currents produced in said antenna by waves coming from a different direction from that of the desired signaling waves said means comprising an arrangement for desired characteristics for use in a receiving apparatus to a distant receiving station located along the length of the antenna.

35. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna comprising a pair of conductors, and means for utilizing said pair of conductors as the two sides of a circuit for conveying currents produced in said antenna from a selected pointin said antenna to a distant receiving station located along the length of said antenna.

36. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna and means for utilizing said antenna as a transmission line for conveying currents produced in said antenna at one end where the currents transmitted have desired characteristics for use in a receiving apparatus to a distant receiving station located along the length of the antenna.

37. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna and means for utilizing said antenna as a transmission line for conveying currents produced in said antenna at one end Where the currents transmitted have desired characteristics for use ina receiving apparatus to a distant receiving station located at the other end of said antenna.

38. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna comprising a pairof conductors, and means for utilizing said pair of conductors as the two sides of a circuit for conveying currents produced in said antenna at one end where the currents, transmitted have desired characteristics for use in a receiving apparatus to a distant receiving station located along the length of the antenna.

39. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna comprising a pair of conductors, and;

means for utilizing said pair of conductors as the two sides of a circuit for conveying currents produced in said antenna at one end where the currents transmitted have desired characteristics for use in a receiving apparatus to a distant receiving station located at the other end of said antenna.

4:0. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna comprising a pair of conductors, ground connections for said antenna at both ends and a transformer system at one end of said antenna, the primary windings of said transformer system being connected in series in the common ground connection for both conductors of the antenna and the secondary windings being connected in series in a. circuit which includes the conductors of the pair in series.

41. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receiving antenna comprising a pair of conductors, ground connections for said antenna at both ends and a transformer system at one end of said antenna, the primary windings of said transformer system being connected in series in the common ground connection for'both conductors of the antenna and the secondary windings being connected in series in a circuit which includes the two conductors of the pair in series, the common ground connection being made to an intermediate point in the secondary windings.

42. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a long horizontal receivi'ngantenna comprising a pair of conductors, ground connections for said antenna at both ends and a transformer system at one end of said antenna, the primary windings of said transformer system being connected in series in the common ground connection for both conductors of the antenna and the secondary windings being connected in series in a circuit which includes the conductors of the. pair in series, and a second transformer system at a point distant from the first transformer system having its primary windings connected in series in said circuit and its secondary windings connected to a receiving apparatus in such a way as to impress thereon currents flowing in .opposite directions along the length of the two conductors without impressing thereon currents flowing in the same direction in the two conductors.

4.3. A receiving system for radio signals comprising a, long horizontal receiving antenna comprising a pair of conductors, ground connections for said antenna at both ends and a transformer system at one end in said circuit-and its secondary windings of said antenna, the' primary windings of connected to a receving apparatus in such a said transformer system being connected in way as to impress thereon currents flowing series in the common ground connection for in opposite directions along the length of 5 both conductors of the antenna and the secthe two conductors without impressing 1 ondary windings being connected in series in thereon currents flowing in the same direca circuit which includes the conductors of tion in the two conductors. the pair in series, and a second transformer In witness whereof, I have hereunto set system at the other end of said antenna havmy hand this 18th day of J any., 1921.

10 ing its primary windings connectedin series EDWARD W. KELLOGG. 

